Professor Sharon Friel
PhD, MSc
Director, School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet) and Professor of Health Equity
ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
T:
0261251518
Areas of expertise
- Public Policy 160510
- Health Policy 160508
- Public Health And Health Services 1117
- Social Change 160805
- Public Nutrition Intervention 111104
- Urban And Regional Planning 1205
Research interests
- Health governance and regulation
- Social determinants of health equity
- Political economy of health
- Global health
- Food systems
- Climate change
- Urbanisation
Biography
Sharon Friel is Director of the the School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet) and Professor of Health Equity, Australian National University. She is also Director of the Menzies Centre for Health Policy ANU. She is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences Australia and an ANU Public Policy Fellow. In 2014 she was named by her international peers as one of the world’s most influential female leaders in global health.
She is the Co-Director of the NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in the Social Determinants of Health Equity. In 2010 she was awarded an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship to investigate the interface between health equity, social determinants and climate change, based at the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU. Between 2005 and 2008 she was the Head of the Scientific Secretariat (University College London) of the World Health Organisation Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Before moving to Australia, she worked for many years in the Department of Health Promotion, National University of Ireland, Galway.
Her interests are in the role of structural factors in affecting health inequities, including trade and investment, urbanisation, food systems, and climate change; and the analysis of governance, policy and regulatory processes and their effectiveness at addressing health inequities.
Researcher's projects
I am chief investigator on several current major research collaborations in governance, public policy and the determinants of health inequities, including:
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Social Determinants of Health Equity (CRESDH). (2015-2019). CIs Baum F, Friel S, Kay A, McDermott D, Labonte R, Ziersch A, Strazdins L, Harris P, Mackean T, Newman L.
NHMRC Partnership Centre (June 2013-May 2018) CIs Andrew Wilson, Sally Redman, Alan Shiell, Adrian Bauman, Lyn Roberts, Sharon Friel, Billie Giles-Corti, Penny Hawe, Sandra Eades, Louise Baur, Shelley Bowen. Systems Approaches to the Prevention of Lifestyle Related Chronic Disease.
ARC Discovery (2013-2015). CIs Friel S, Bammer G, Kay A, Gleeson D, Thow AM, AIs Labonte R, Snowden W, Stuckler D. Trade policy: maximising benefits for nutrition, food security, human health, and the economy.
INFORMAS - the International Network on Food and Obesity/NCDs Research, Monitoring and Action Support (Trade and Investment module leader)
ARC Discovery grant (2013-2015). CIs Friel S, Pearson D, Lawrence M. Shrinking the food-print by creating consumer demand for sustainable and healthy eating.
ARC Linkage grant. CIs Lawrence M, Ryan C, Friel S, Moodie M. Modelling policy interventions to protect Australia’s food security in the face of environmental sustainability challenges.
World Bank, South Asia Food and Nutrition Security Initiative (SAFANSI), September 2013-October 2015. Co-Principal Investigators Dr Kremlin Wickramasinghe (University of Oxford, UK), Professor Sharon Friel (Australian National University).
Available student projects
2015: PhD scholarship associated with the NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in the Social Determinants of Health
Publications
- Friel, S 2019, Climate Change and the People's Health, Oxford University Press, New York.
- Mackean, T, Fisher, M, Friel, S et al 2019, 'A framework to assess cultural safety in Australian public policy', Health Promotion International, pp. 1-12.
- Turner, G, Larsen, K, Candy, S et al 2018, 'Squandering Australia's food security-The environmental and economic costs of our unhealthy diet and the policy Path We're On', Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 195, pp. 1581-1599.
- Pescud, M, Sargent, G, Kelly, P et al 2019, 'How does whole of government action address inequities in obesity? A case study from Australia', International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
- Friel, S 2018, 'A Time for Hope? Pursuing a Vision of a Fair, Sustainable and Healthy World', Global Policy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 276-282pp.
- Friel, S 2018, 'Global Health Disruptors: The Doha Declaration', BMJ Opinion.
- Townsend, B, Schram, A, Baum, F et al 2018, 'How does policy framing enable or constrain inclusion of social determinants of health and health equity on trade policy agendas? [IN PRESS]', Critical Public Health, vol. Online, pp. 1-12pp.
- Pescud, M, Friel, S, Lee, A et al 2018, 'Extending the paradigm: a policy framework for healthy and equitable eating (HE2)', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 3477-3481pp.
- Alleyne, G, Baker, P, Baum, F et al 2018, 'The how: a message for the UN high-level meeting on NCDs', The Lancet, vol. 392, no. 10143, pp. 4-5pp.
- Schram, A, Friel, S, Freeman, T et al 2018, 'Digital Infrastructure as a Determinant of Health Equity: An Australian Case Study of the Implementation of the National Broadband Network ', Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 829-842pp.
- Harris, P, Riley, E, Dawson, A et al 2018, 'Stop talking around projects and talk about solutions: Positioning health within infrastructure policy to achieve the sustainable development goals [IN PRESS]', Health Policy, vol. Online, pp. 8pp.
- Thow, A, Greenberg, S, Hara, M et al 2018, 'Improving policy coherence for food security and nutrition in South Africa: a qualitative policy analysis', Food Security, vol. 10, pp. 1105-1130pp.
- Baum, F, Popay, J, Delany-Crowe, T et al 2018, 'Punching above their weight: A network to understand broader determinants of increasing life expectancy', International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 17, no. 117, pp. 5pp.
- Baker, P, Friel, S, Kay, A et al 2018, 'What Enables and Constrains the Inclusion of the Social Determinants of Health Inequities in Government Policy Agendas? A Narrative Review', International Journal of Health Policy and Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 101-111.
- Lee, D, Schram, A, Riley, E et al 2018, 'Addressing Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health: A Global Review of Policy Outcome Evaluation Methods', International Journal of Health Policy and Management, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 581-592pp.
- Schram, A, Ruckert, A, VanDuzer, J et al 2018, 'A conceptual framework for investigating the impacts of international trade and investment agreements on noncommunicable disease risk factors', Health Policy and Planning, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 123-136.
- Freeman, T, Fisher, M, Baum, F et al 2018, 'Healthy infrastructure: Australian National Broadband Network policy implementation and its importance to health equity [IN PRESS]', Information Communication and Society, vol. Online, pp. 1-18pp.
- Baum, F, Graycar, A, Delany-Crowe, T et al 2018, 'Understanding Australian policies on public health using social and political science theories: reflections from an Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia Workshop', Health Promotion International, vol. day014, pp. 1-14.
- Friel, S & Brennan-Olsen, S 2018, 'Australia's health divide: time to address the underlying causes', The Medical Journal of Australia (Online), vol. 208, no. 10.
- Friel, S 2018, Eating ourselves and the planet to death.
- Friel, S & Baum, F 2018, Is it time for a new public health campaign? Paying tax is good for our health.
- Baum, F & Friel, S 2017, 'Politics, policies and processes: A multidisciplinary and multimethods research programme on policies on the social determinants of health inequity in Australia', BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 9pp.
- Mackean, T, Fisher, M, George, E et al 2017, Researching policy implementation of Closing the gap, pp. 16-17pp.
- Friel, S, Pescud, M, Malbon, E et al 2017, 'Using systems science to understand the determinants of inequities in healthy eating', PLOS ONE (Public Library of Science), vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1-18.
- Schram, A, Friel, S, VanDuzer, J et al 2017, 'Internalisation of International Investment Agreements in Public Policymaking: Developing a Conceptual Framework of Regulatory Chill', Global Policy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 193-203.
- Baum, F & Friel, S 2017, 'Politics, policies and processes: a multidisciplinary and multimethods research programme on policies on the social determinants of health inequity in Australia', BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1-9.
- Ruckert, A, Schram, A, Labonte, R et al 2017, 'Policy coherence, health and the sustainable development goals: a health impact assessment of the Trans-Pacific Partnership', Critical Public Health, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 86-96.
- Friel, S, Baker, P, Lee, D et al 2017, Global Governance for Nutrition and the role of UNSCN. Discussion Paper.
- Ravuvu, A, Friel, S, Thow, A et al 2017, 'Protocol to Monitor Trade Agreements Food-Related Aspects: The Fiji Case Study', Health Promotion International, vol. online, pp. 1-14pp.
- Ruckert, A, Schram, A, Labonte, R et al 2017, 'Policy coherence, health and the sustainable development goals: a health impact assessment of the Trans-Pacific Partnership', Critical Public Health, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 86-96pp.
- Anaf, J, Baum, F, Fisher, M et al 2017, 'Assessing the health impact of transnational corporations: A case study on McDonald's Australia', Globalization and Health, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1-16pp.
- Baker, P, Gill, T, Friel, S et al 2017, 'Generating political priority for regulatory interventions targeting obesity prevention: an Australian case study', Social Science and Medicine, vol. 177, pp. 141-149.
- Fisher, M, Baum, F, Kay, A et al 2017, 'Are changes in Australian national primary healthcare policy likely to promote or impede equity of access? A narrative review', Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 209-215pp..
- Friel, S 2017, 'Governance, regulation and health equity', in Peter Drahos (ed.), Regulatory Theory: Foundations And Applications, ANU ePress, Canberra, Australia, pp. 573-590pp.
- Ravuvu, A, Friel, S, Thow, A et al 2017, 'Monitoring the impact of trade agreements on national food environments: trade imports and population nutrition risks in Fiji', Globalization and Health, vol. 13, no. 33, pp. 1-17pp.
- Turner, G, Larsen, K, Candy, S et al 2017, 'Squandering Australia's food security-The environmental and economic costs of our unhealthy diet and the policy Path We're On', Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 195, pp. 1581-1599pp.
- james, s, Friel, S, Lawrence, M et al 2017, 'Inter-sectoral action to support healthy and environmentally sustainable food behaviours: a study of sectoral knowledge, governance and implementation opportunities', Sustainability Science, vol. Online, pp. 1-13pp..
- Harris, P, Kent, J, Sainsbury, P et al 2017, 'Creating healthy built environmental legislation in Australia; a policy analysis', Health Promotion International, vol. online, pp. 1-11.
- Hoek, A, Pearson, D, James, S et al 2017, 'Healthy and environmentally sustainable food choices: Consumer responses to point-of-purchase actions', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 58, pp. 94-106pp.
- Hoek, A, Pearson, D, James, S et al 2017, 'Shrinking the food-print: A qualitative study into consumer perceptions, experiences and attitudes towards healthy and environmentally friendly food behaviours', Appetite, vol. 108, pp. 117-131.
- Harris, P, Wate, J & Friel, S 2016, A Health Impact Assessment (HIA) on the draft regulation 'Advertising and Promotion of Unhealthy Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children Regulation' in Fiji.
- Fisher, M, Milos, D, Baum, F et al 2016, 'Social determinants in an Australian urban region: a 'complexity' lens', Health Promotion International, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 163-174.
- Baker, P & Friel, S 2016, 'Food systems transformations, ultra-processed food markets and the nutrition transition in Asia', Globalization and Health, vol. 12, no. 80, pp. 15pp.
- Friel, S, Ponnamperuma, S, Schram, A et al 2016, 'Shaping the discourse: What has the food industry been lobbying for in the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement and what are the implications for dietary health?', Critical Public Health, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 518-529.
- Lindberg, R, Lawrence, M, Gold, L et al 2016, 'Reply', Australian Family Physician, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 166-166.
- Salmon, L, Smith, J & Friel, S 2016, 'PRESENTATION - Regulatory regimes for sharing human milk: sanction or stigma?'.
- Baker, P, Friel, S, Schram, A et al 2016, 'Trade and investment liberalization, food systems change and highly processed food consumption: a natural experiment contrasting the soft-drink markets of Peru and Bolivia', Globalization and Health, vol. 12, no. 24, pp. 1-13.
- Baker, P, Smith, J, Salmon, L et al 2016, 'Global trends and patterns of commercial milk-based formula sales: is an unprecedented infant and young child feeding transition underway?', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 19, no. 14, pp. 2540-2550pp.
- Hirono, K, Haigh, F, Gleeson, D et al 2016, 'Is health impact assessment useful in the context of trade negotiations? A case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement', BMJ Open, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. e010339-e010339.
- Baker, P, Friel, S, Schram, A et al 2016, 'Trade and investment liberalization, food systems change and highly processed food consumption: a natural experiment contrasting the soft-drink markets of Peru and Bolivia', Globalization and Health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-13pp.
- Friel, S, Ponnamperuma, S, Schram, A et al 2016, 'Shaping the discourse: What has the food industry been lobbying for in the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement and what are the implications for dietary health?', Critical Public Health, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 518-529pp.
- Baum, F, Sanders, D, Fisher,M et al 2016, 'Assessing the health impact of transnational corporations: Its importance and a framework', Globalization and Health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-7.
- Wakabayashi M, Berecki-Gisolf J, Banwell C,... Yiengprugsawan V. 2016, Non-fatal injury in Thailand from 2005 to 2013: Incidence trends and links to alcohol consumption patterns in the Thai Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology. vol.26, no.9, pp.471-480.
- Thow, A, Snowden, W, Labonte, R et al 2015, 'Will the next generation of preferential trade and investment agreements undermine prevention of noncommunicable diseases? A prospective policy analysis of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement', Health Policy, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 88-96.
- Schram, A, Labonte, R, Baker, P et al 2015, 'The role of trade and investment liberalization in the sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages market: a natural experiment contrasting Vietnam and the Philippines', Globalization and Health, vol. 11, no. 41, pp. 1-13pp.
- Welsh, J, Ford, L, Strazdins, L et al 2015, Addressing the social determinants of inequities in mental wellbeing of children and adolescents.
- Kelly, B, King, L, Baur, L et al 2013, 'Monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions to children', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 59-69.
- Friel, S, Yarnell, J & O'Reilly, D 2013, 'Social, cultural, and behavioural factors in disease.', in Yarnell J and O’Reilly (ed.), Epidemiology and Disease Prevention: a Global Approach, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, England, pp. 335-357.
- Friel, S, Aungkasuvapala, N, Baum, F et al 2011, Taking Action to Address the Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequity in Asia Pacific.
- Friel, S 2011, 'Global health equity, food systems and food security', Dietitians Association of Australia 29th National Conference, Wiley Online Library, Online, pp. 14pp.
- Edwards, F, Dixon, J, Friel, S et al 2010, Food Systems, Climate Change Adaptation and Human Health in Australia.
- Lawrence, M, Friel, S, Wingrove, K et al 2015, 'Formulating policy activities to promote healthy and sustainable diets', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 2333-2340.
- Horton, K, Friel, S, De Leeuw, E et al 2015, 'Fair Foundations for health equity', Health Promotion International, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 2-7pp.
- Friel, S, Hattersley, L, Ford, L et al 2015, 'Addressing inequities in healthy eating', Health Promotion International, vol. 30, no. S2, pp. 77-88.
- Mason, C, Barraket, J, Friel, S et al 2015, 'Social innovation for the promotion of health equity', Health Promotion International, vol. 30, no. S2, pp. 116-125.
- Welsh, J, Strazdins, L, Ford, L et al 2015, 'Promoting equity in the mental wellbeing of children and young people: A scoping review', Health Promotion International, vol. 30, no. S2, pp. 36-76.
- Schram, A, Labonte, R, Baker, P et al 2015, 'The role of trade and investment liberalization in the sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages market: A natural experiment contrasting Vietnam and the Philippines', Globalization and Health, vol. 11, no. 41.
- Bowen, K & Friel, S 2015, 'Health and social impacts of climate change', in Rae Walker & Wendy Mason (ed.), Climate change adaptation for health and social services, CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, pp. 3-16.
- Harris, P, Friel, S & Wilson, A 2015, 'Including Health in systems responsible for Urban Planning: A realist policy analysis research program', BMJ Open, vol. 5, no. 8.
- Carey, G & Friel, S 2015, 'Understanding the role of public administration in implementing action on the social determinants of health and health inequities', International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 4(12): 795-798
- Friel, S, Hattersley, L & Townsend, R 2015, 'Trade Policy and Public Health', Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 325-344.
- Thow, A, Gleeson, D & Friel, S 2015, 'What doctors should know about the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 202, no. 4, pp. 165-166.
- Hawkes, C, Smith, T, Jewell, J et al 2015, 'Smart food policies for obesity prevention', Lancet, The.
- Burton, A, Bambrick, H & Friel, S 2015, 'If you don't know how can you plan? Considering the health impacts of climate change in urban planning in Australia', Urban Climate, vol. 12, pp. 104-118.
- Friel, S & Ford, L 2015, 'Systems, food security and human health', Food Security, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 437-451.
- Friel, S, Harris, P, Simpson, S et al 2015, 'Health in All Policies Approaches: Pearls from the Western Pacific Region', Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 324-337.
- James, S & Friel, S 2015, 'An integrated approach to identifying and characterising resilient urban food systems to promote population health in a changing climate', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 2498-2508.
- Carey, R, Caraher, M, Lawrence, M et al 2016, 'Opportunities and challenges in developing a whole-of-government national food and nutrition policy: lessons from Australia's National Food Plan', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 3-14pp.
- Lindberg, R, Lawrence, M, Gold, L et al 2015, 'Food Insecurity in Australia: Implications for General Practitioners', Australian Family Physician, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 859-862.
- Lindberg, R, Whelan, J, Lawrence, M et al 2015, 'Still serving hot soup? Two hundred years of a charitable food sector in Australia: a narrative review', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 358-365.
- Townsend, N, Williams, J, Wickramasinghe, K et al 2017, 'Barriers to Healthy Dietary Choice Amongst Students in Sri Lanka as Perceived by School Principals and Staff', Health Promotion International, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 91-101.
- Lindberg, R, Lawrence, M, Gold, L et al 2014, 'Food rescue - an Australian example', British Food Journal, vol. 116, no. 9, pp. 1478-1489.
- Friel, S, Berry, H, Dinh, H et al 2014, 'The impact of drought on the association between food security and mental health in a nationally representative Australian sample', BMC Public Health, vol. 14, no. 1102, pp. 1102-1102.
- Bennett, C & Friel, S 2014, 'Impacts of Climate Change on Inequities in Child Health', Children, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 461-473.
- Burton, A, Bambrick, H & Friel, S 2014, 'Is enough attention given to climate change in health service planning? An Australian perspective', Global Health Action, vol. 7, pp. 1-8.
- Friel, S 2014, 'Inequities in the freedom to lead a flourishing and healthy life: issues for healthy public policy', International Journal of Health Policy and Management, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 161-163.
- Friel, S 2014, 'A fair go for health? Not at the moment', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 302-303.
- Thow, A, Snowden, W, Labonte, R et al 2015, 'Will the next generation of preferential trade and investment agreements undermine prevention of noncommunicable diseases? A prospective policy analysis of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement', Health Policy, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 88-96.
- Theo Murphy High Flyers Think Tank incl. Friel, S & James, S 2014, Climate change challenges to health: Risks and opportunities. Recommendations from the 2014 Theo Murphy High Flyers Think Tank. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra
- Kharis, R & Friel, S 2012, 'Food policy for future generations: integrating public health and environmental goals [poster]', Population Health Congress, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Canberra, pp. 1pp.
- Barosh, L, Friel, S, Engelhardt, K et al 2014, 'The cost of a healthy and sustainable diet - Who can afford it?', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 7-12.
- Pearson, D, Friel, S & Lawrence, M 2014, 'Building environmentally sustainable food systems on informed citizen choices: Evidence from Australia', Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 183-197.
- Baker, P & Friel, S 2014, 'Processed foods and the nutrition transition: evidence from Asia', Obesity Reviews, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 564-577.
- Korda RJ, Paige E, Yiengprugsawan V, et al. 2014. Income-related inequalities in chronic conditions, physical functioning and psychological distress among older people in Australia: cross-sectional findings from the 45 and up study. BMC Public Health. 14(1):741.
- Hall, G, Rothwell, A, Grant, T et al 2014, 'Potential environmental and population health impacts of local urban food systems under climate change: a life cycle analysis case study of lettuce and chicken', Agriculture & Food Security, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1-13.
- Yiengprugsawan V, Berecki-Gisolf J, Bain C, et al. 2014. Predictors of injury mortality: findings from a large national cohort in Thailand. BMJ Open; 4(6):e004668.
- Sacks, G, Swinburn, B, Kraak, V et al 2013, 'A proposed approach to monitor private-sector policies and practices related to food environments, obesity and non-communicable disease prevention', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 38-48.
- Friel, S, Barosh, L & Lawrence, M 2014, 'Towards healthy and sustainable food consumption: an Australian case study', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1156-1166.
- Friel, S, Labonte, R & Sanders, D 2013, 'Measuring progress on diet-related NCDs: the need to address the causes of the causes', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 381, no. 9870, pp. 903-904.
- Bowen, K, Ebi, K, Friel, S et al 2013, 'A multi-layered governance framework for incorporating social science insights into adapting to the health impacts of climate change', Global Health Action, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-6.
- Bowles, D, Butler, CD, Friel, S et al 2014, 'Climate change and health in Earth's future', Earth's Future, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 60-67.
- Bowen, K, Miller, F, Dany, V et al 2013, 'Enabling environments? Insights into the policy context for climate change and health adaptation decision-making in Cambodia', Climate and Development, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 277-287.
- Brinsden, H, Lobstein, T, Landon, J et al 2013, 'Monitoring policy and actions on food environments: Rationale and outline of the INFORMAS policy engagement and communication strategies', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 13-23.
- L'Abbe, M, Schermel, A, Minaker, L et al 2013, 'Monitoring foods and beverages provided and sold in public sector settings', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 96-107.
- Neal, B, Sacks, G, Swinburn, B et al 2013, 'Monitoring the levels of important nutrients in the food supply', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 49-58.
- Friel, S, Hattersley, L, Snowdon, W et al 2013, 'Monitoring the impacts of trade agreements on food environments', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 120-134.
- Lee, A, Mhurchu, C, Sacks, G et al 2013, 'Monitoring the price and affordability of foods and diets globally', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 82-95.
- Friel, S, Gleeson, D, Thow, A et al 2013, 'A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement', Globalization and Health, vol. 9, no. 46, pp. 1-7.
- Bradbear, C & Friel, S 2013, 'Integrating climate change, food prices and population health', Food Policy, vol. 43, pp. 56-66.
- Swinburn, B, Sacks, G, Vandevijvere, S et al 2013, 'INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support): overview and key principles', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
- Rayner, M, Wood, A, Lawrence, M et al 2013, 'Monitoring the health-related labelling of foods and non-alcoholic beverages in retail settings', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 70-81.
- Swinburn, B, Vandevijvere, S, Kraak, V et al 2013, 'Monitoring and benchmarking government policies and actions to improve the healthiness of food environments: a proposed Government Healthy Food Environment Policy Index', Obesity Reviews, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 24-37.
- Gleeson, D & Friel, S 2013, 'Emerging threats to public health from regional trade agreements', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 381, no. 9876, pp. 1507-1509.
- Bowen, K, Ebi, K & Friel, S 2014, 'Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Next steps for cross-sectoral action to protect global health', Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1033-1040.
- Friel, S 2013, 'Improving Equity', in Charles Guest, Ichiro Kawachi, Iain Lang, Walter Ricciardi (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice (3rd ed), Oxford University Press, China, pp. 406-417.
- Friel, S, Gleeson, D & Hattersley, L 2012, Trans Pacific Partnership puts member countries' health at risk, pp. 3pp..
- Friel, S, Loring, B, Aungkasuvapala, N et al 2012, 'Policy Approaches to Address the Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequity in Asia-Pacific', Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 896-914.
- Bell, R, Friel, S & Marmot, M 2012, 'Taking social determinants of health seriously', in Ted Schrecker (ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Globalization of Health, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, England, pp. 245-261.
- Birecki-Gisolf, J, McClure, R, Seubsman, S et al 2012, 'Reporting of lifetime fractures: Methodological considerations and results from the Thai Cohort Study', BMJ Open, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-6.
- Bowen, K & Friel, S 2012, 'Climate change adaptation: Where does global health fit in the agenda?', Globalization and Health, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 10-10.
- Friel, S, Loring, B & Matheson, D 2012, 'Reducing community health inequity: the potential role for mHealth in Papua New Guinea', Journal of Community Informatics, vol. 9, no. 2.
- Aitsi-Selmi, A, Chandola, T, Friel, S et al 2012, 'Interaction between education and household wealth on the risk of obesity in women in Egypt', PLoS ONE (Public Library of Science), vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1-8.
- Rydin, Y, Bleahu, A, Davies, M et al 2012, 'Shaping cities for health: Complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 379, no. 9831, pp. 2079-2108.
- Hawkes, C, Friel, S, Lobstein, T et al 2012, 'Linking agricultural policies with obesity and noncommunicable diseases: A new perspective for a globalising world', Food Policy, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 343-353.
- Bowen, K, Friel, S, Ebi, K, Butler C.D., McMichael A.J. 2012, 'Governing for a Healthy Population: Towards an Understanding of How Decision-Making Will Determine Our Global Health in a Changing Climate', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 55-72.
- Vlahov, D, Agarwal, A, Buckley, R et al 2011, 'Roundtable on Urban Living Environment Research (RULER)', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 793-857.
- Friel, S & Marmot, M 2011, 'Global Health Inequities: Structures, Power and the Social Distribution of Health', in Richard Parker & Marni Sommer (ed.), Routledge Handbook in Global Public Health, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York, pp. 65-79.
- Friel, S, Butler, C & McMichael, A 2011, 'Climate change and health: Risks and Inequities', in Solomon Benatar and Gillian Brock (ed.), Global Health and Global Health Ethics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, pp. 198-209.
- Tapsell, L, Probst, Y, Lawrence, M et al 2011, 'Food and nutrition security in the Australia-New Zealand region: Impact of climate change', World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 102, pp. 192-200.
- Friel, S, Chiang, T, Cho, Y et al 2011, 'Freedom to lead a life we have reason to value? A spotlight on health inequity in the Asia Pacific region', Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 246-263.
- Friel, S, Hancock, T, Kjellstrom, T et al 2011, 'Urban Health Inequities and the Added Pressure of Climate Change: An Action-Oriented Research Agenda', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 886-895.
- Barten, F, Akerman, M, Becker, D et al 2011, 'Rights, Knowledge, and Governance for Improved Health Equity in Urban Settings', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 896-905.
- Salgado de Synder, V, Friel, S, Fotso, J et al 2011, 'Social conditions and urban health inequities: Realities, challenges and opportunities to transform the urban landscape through research and action', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 1183-1193.
- Friel, S, Akerman, M, Hancock, T et al 2011, 'Addressing the Social and Environmental Determinants of Urban Health Equity: Evidence for Action and a Research Agenda', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 860-874.
- Friel, S, Vlahov, D & Buckley, R 2011, 'No data, no problem, no action: Addressing urban health inequity in the 21st century', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 858-859.
- Smit, W, Hancock, T, Kumaresan, J et al 2011, 'Toward a Research and Action Agenda on Urban Planning/Design and Health Equity in Cities in Low and Middle-Income Countries', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 875-885.
- Barten F, Akerman M, Becker D, Friel S, Hancock T, Mwatsama M, Rice M, Sheuya S, Stern R (2011). Rights, knowledge and governance for improved health equity in urban settings. Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9608-z
- Edwards F, Dixon J, Friel S, Hall G, Wilson R, Hannigan I, Lockie S, Larsen K, Lawrence M, Hattersley L (2011). Climate change adaptation at the intersection of food and health. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 23(2 Suppl):91S-104.
- Edwards, F., Dixon, J., Friel, S., Hall, G., Larsen, K., Lockie, S., Wood, B., Lawrence, M., Hanigan, I., Hogan, A. & L. Hattersley 2011 'Climate change adaptation at the intersection of food and health', Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, vol 23, no. 2, pp. 91-104
- Friel S, Akerman M, Hancock T, Kumaresan J, Marmot M, Melin T, Vlahov D and GRNUHE members (2011). Addressing the social and environmental determinants of urban health equity: evidence for action and a research agenda. Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9606-1
- Friel S, Hancock T, Kjellstrom T, McGranahan G, Monge P, Roy J (2011). Urban health inequities and the added pressure of climate change: an action-oriented research agenda. Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9607-0
- Friel S, TL Chiang, Y Cho, Y Guo, H Hashimoto, S Jayasinghe, B Loring, D Matheson, HT Nguyen, M Rao (2011). Freedom to lead a life we have reason to value? A spotlight on health inequity in the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 23(2) 246â??263
- Friel S, Vlahov D and Buckley R (2011). No data, no problem, no action: Addressing urban health inequity in the 21st century. Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9616-z
- Friel, S & Marmot, M 2011, 'Social determinants of global health equity', Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 32, pp. 225-36.
- Friel, S, Bowen, K, McMichael, A et al 2011, 'Climate change, non communicable diseases and development: The relationships and common policy opportunities.', Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 32, pp. 133-47.
- Salgado de Snyder N, Friel S, Fotso JC, Khadr Z, Meresman S, Monge P, Patil-Deshmukh A (2011) Social conditions and urban health inequities: Realities, challenges and opportunities to transform the urban landscape through research and action. Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9609-y
- Smit W, Hancock T, Kumaresen J, Santos-Burgoa C, Sánchez-Kobashi Meneses R and Friel S (2011). Towards a research and action agenda on urban planning/ design and health equity in cities in low and middle-income countries. Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9605-2
- Strazdins L, Friel S, McMichael AJ, Woldenberg Butler S, Hanna E (2011). Climate change and childrenâ??s health: Likely futures, new inequities? Int J Pub Health. 2(4): 493-500.
- Tapsell LC, Probst Y, Lawrence M, Friel S, Flood V, McMahon A, Butler R (2011). Food and Nutrition Security in the Australia- New Zealand Region: Impact of Climate Change World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 102: 192â??200.
- Vlahov D, Agarwal S, Buckley RM, Teixeira Caiaffa W, Corvalan CF, Ezeh A, Finkelstein R, Friel S, Harpham T, Hossain M, de Faria Leao B, Mboup G, Montgomery MR, Netherland JC, Ompad DC, Prasad A, Quinn AT, Rothman A, Satterthwaite DE, Stansfield S, and Watson VJ (2011). Roundtable on Urban Living Environment Research (RULER) Journal of Urban Health doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9613-2
- Friel, S & Lichacz, W 2010, 'Unequal Food Systems, Unhealthy Diet', in Geoffrey Lawrence, Kristen Lyons and Tabatha Wallington (ed.), Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainability, Earthscan Publications Ltd, United Kingdom and USA, pp. 115-129.
- Friel, S 2010, 'Health inequity in Australia', Australasian Epidemiologist, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 8-10.
- Friel, S 2010, 'Climate change, food insecurity and chronic diseases: sustainable and healthy policy opportunities for Australia', NSW Public Health Bulletin, vol. 21, no. 5-6, pp. 129-313.
- Benach, J, Muntaner, C, Chung, H et al 2010, 'The importance of government policies in reducing employment related health inequalities.', BMJ - British Medical Journal, vol. 340, pp. c2154-c2154.
- Benach, J, Muntaner, C, Chung, H et al 2010, 'Reducing the health inequalities associated with employment conditions', BMJ - British Medical Journal, vol. 340, no. 7761, pp. 1392-1395.
- Strazdins, L, Friel, S, McMichael, A , Hanna E.G. 2010, 'Climate change and child health in Australia: Likely futures, new inequalities?', International Public Health Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 493-500.
- Costello, A, Abbas, M, Allen, A et al 2009, 'Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Managing the health effects of climate change', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 373, no. 9676, pp. 1693-1733.
- Priest, N, Waters, E, Valentine, N et al 2009, 'Engaging policy makers in action on socially determined health inequities: Developing evidence-informed cameos', Evidence and Policy: a journal of research, debate and practice, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 53-70.
- Friel S, Dangour AD, Garnett T, Lock K, Butler A, Butler CB, Chalabi Z, Roberts I, Waage J, Haines A and McMichael AJ (2009). Impact on Public Health of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Food and Agriculture. The Lancet 374: 2016-25.
- Lobstein, T, Friel, S & Dowler, E 2008, 'Food, fuel, and health', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 372, no. 9639, p. 628.
- Friel S (2008). All embracing action. Public Service Review: Health, 17: 9.
- Lobstein T, Friel S, Dowler E (2008). Food, fuel and NCDs. The Lancet, 372:9639, 628.
- McMichael AJ, Friel S, Corvolan C, Nyong T (2008). Global environmental change and human health: Implications for health inequalities, social policy and the health professions. British Medical Journal, 336: 191-194.
- Fitzsimon N, Shiely F, Corradino D, Friel S, Kelleher CC (2007). Predictors of self-reported poor mental health at area level in Ireland: a multilevel analysis of deprivation and social capital indicators. Irish Medical Journal, 100(8): 49-52.
- Friel S (2007). Unhealthy systems, unhealthy weight. In Ecology and Health: People and Places in a Changing World. (Ed. P.Horwitz).Melbourne, Australia.
- Friel S, Bell R, Houweling A and Taylor S (2007). A social determinants approach to health equity. Global Forum Update on Research for Health, 4: 50-54.
- Hannon F, Friel S, Kelleher CC (2007). The relative influence of socio-demographic, lifestyle, environmental factors and co-morbidity on self rated health of the Irish prisoner population. Irish Medical Journal, 100(8): 59-61.
- Molcho M, Nic Gabhainn S, Friel S, Kelleher CC (2007). Food poverty and health among schoolchildren: Findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (HBSC). Public Health Nutrition, 10(4), 364-370.
- Sleigh et al (2007). Cohort Profile: The Thai Cohort of 87,134 Open University students. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(2): 266-272.
- Friel S, Newell J, Kelleher CC (2005). Who eats four or more servings of fruit and vegetables per day? Classification tree analysis of data from the 1998 Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition in the Republic of Ireland. Public Health Nutrition, 8(2): 159-169.
- Friel S, Conlon C (2004). What is the extent of food poverty in Ireland? European Journal of Public Health 13(4), 133-134.
- Friel S, McMichael AJ, Kelljstrom T, Prapamontol T (2004). The housing and health transition in Thailand. Reviews on Environmental Health, 19(3-4): 311-328.
- Shiely F, McAvoy H, Kelleher CC, Murrin C, Friel S (2004). Older People â?? Young At Heart. Irish Journal of Medical Science 173(2), 30-34.
- Friel S, Kelleher CC, Nolan G, Harrington J (2003). Social Diversity of Irish Adults Nutritional Intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(7): 865-875.
- Kelleher CC, Friel S, NicGabhainn S, Tay J (2003). Socio-Demographic predictors of self rated health in the Republic of Ireland: Findings from the National Survey on Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition, SLAN. Social Science & Medicine, 57(3): 477-486.
- Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Antoniou A, Friel S, Trygg K, Turrini A (2003). Vegetable and Fruit: The Evidence in their favour and the Public Health Perspective. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 73(2): 63-69.
- Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Remaut AM, Turrini A, Trygg K, Vaz de Almeida M, Friel S, Nelson M (2003). European food availability databank based on household budget surveys: The Data Food Networking initiative. European Journal of Public Health, 13(3S), 24-28.
- Friel S, Hope A, Kelleher CC, Comer S, Sadlier D (2002). Impact evaluation of an oral health campaign amongst primary school children in Ireland. Health Promotion International, 17(2): 119-126
- Kelleher CC, Friel S, Nolan G, Forbes B (2002). Effect of social variation on the Irish diet. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 61(4), 527-536.
- Kelleher CC, Harrington J, Friel S (2002). Measures of self reported morbidity according to age, gender and general medical services eligibility in the National Survey of Lifestyles, Attitudes and Nutrition. Irish Journal of Medical Science 171(3): 134-138.
- Kelleher CC, Timoney A, Friel S, McKeown D (2002). Indicators of deprivation, voting patterns and health status at area level in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56: 36-44.
- Mooney M, Hannon F, Friel S, Barry M, Kelleher CC (2002). Perceived quality of life and mental health status of Irish female prisoners. Irish Medical Journal, 95(8):, 241-243.
- NicGabhainn S, Nolan G, Kelleher CC, Friel S (2002). Dieting patterns and related lifestyles of school aged children in the Republic of Ireland. Public Health Nutrition, 5(3): 457-463.
- Benach J, Muntaner C, Chung H, Solar O, Santana V, Chatterjee M, Friel S, Houweling T, Marmot M (2010). The importance of government policies in reducing employment related health inequalities. British Medical Journal, 340,c2154
- Seubsman S, Kelly M, Yiengprugsawan V. 2010. Gender, socioeconomic status, and self-rated health: evidence from Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 23(5): 754-765.
- Yiengprugsawan V, Khamman S et al. 2010. Personal Wellbeing Index in a national cohort of 87,134 Thai adults. Social Indicators Research. 98(2): 201-215.
- Friel, S, Dangour, A, Garnett, T et al 2009. 'Health and Climate Change 4: Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture'. Lancet, 374: 2016-2025.
- Friel S, Bell R, Houweling AJ, Marmot M (2009). Calling all Don Quixotes and Sancho Panzas: achieving the dream of global health equity through practical action on the social determinants of health. Global Health Promotion, 16(Supp1): 7â??11.
- Priest N, Waters E, Valentine N, Armstrong R, Friel S, Prasad A, Solar O (2009). Engaging policy makers in action on socially determined health inequities â?? developing evidence based cameos. Evidence and Policy, 5(1): 55-72.
- Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, et al (2009). Managing the health effects of climate change. UCL Institute for Global Health and Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 373: 1693â??733.
- Wahlqvist, M, Keatinge, J, Butler, C.D. et al 2009, 'A Food in Health Security (FIHS) platform in the Asia-Pacific Region: the way forward', Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 688-702.
- Friel, S & Baker, P (2009), 'Equity, food security and health equity in the Asia Pacific region', Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 620-632.
- Brunner, E, Jones, P, Friel, S et al 2009, 'Fish, human health and marine ecosystem health: policies in collision', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 38, pp. 93-100.
- McMichael, A, Friel, S, Nyong, A et al 2008, 'Global environmental change and health: impacts,inequalities, and the health sector', BMJ - British Medical Journal, vol. 336, no. 7637, pp. 191-194.
- Marmot, M, Friel, S, Bell, R et al 2008, 'Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 372, no. 9650, pp. 1661-1669.
- Friel, S, Marmot, M, McMichael, A et al 2008, 'Global health equity and climate stabilisation - a common agenda', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 372, no. 9650, pp. 1677-1683.
- Marmot, M & Friel, S 2008, 'Global health equity: evidence for action on the social determinants of health', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 1095-1097.
- Harrington, J, Friel, S, Thunhurst, C et al 2008, 'An obesogenic island: the financial burden of private transport on low income households', Journal of Public Health, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 38-44.
- Friel S, Chopra M, Satcher D (2007). Unequal weight: equitable policy responses to the global obesity epidemic. British Medical Journal, 335: 1241-1243.
- Friel, S & Burns, C 2007, 'It is time to determine the cost of a healthy diet in Australia', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 363-365.
- Dixon, J, Banwell, C, Seubsman, S et al 2007, 'Dietary diversity in Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1988-2006', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 518-521.
- Dixon, J, Omwega, A, Friel, S et al 2007, 'The Health Equity Dimensions of Urban Food Systems', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. i118-i129.
- Kjellstrom, T, Friel, S, Dixon, J et al 2007, 'Urban Environmental Health Hazards and Health Equity', Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. i86-i97.
- Molcho, M, Nic Gabhainn, S, Kelly, C et al 2007, 'Food poverty and health among school children in Ireland: Findings from the Health Behaviour in school- aged children (HBSC) study', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 364-370.
- Satcher, D, Friel, S & Bell, R 2007, 'Natural and Manmade Disasters and Mental Health', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 298, no. 21, pp. 2540-2542.
- Friel, S & Broom, D 2007, 'Unequal society, unhealthy weight: The social distribution of obesity', in Jane Dixon and Dorothy.H Broom (ed.), The seven deadly sins of obesity: how the modern world is making us fat, UNSW Press, Sydney, pp. 148-171.
- Sleigh, A, Seubsman, S, Bain, C et al 2008, 'Cohort Profile: The Thai Cohort of 87 134 Open University students', International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 266-272.
- Friel, S, Walsh, O & McCarthy, D 2006, 'The irony of a rich country: Issues of financial access to and availability of healthy food in the Republic of Ireland', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 60, pp. 1013-1019.
- Butler, C & Friel, S 2006, 'Time to regenerate: ecosystems and health promotion', PLoS Medicine, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1692-1695.
- Friel, S, Douglas, K, Banwell, C et al 2005, 'Multilevel obesity surveillance', Obesity Reviews, vol. 6, no. S1, p. 79.
- Friel, S, McMichael, A, Kjellstrom, T et al 2004, 'Housing and Health Transition in Thailand', Reviews on Environmental Health, vol. 19, no. 3-4, pp. 311-327.
Projects and Grants
Grants information is drawn from ARIES. To add or update Projects or Grants information please contact your College Research Office.
- Project Funding Agreement (for Boosting Prevention Projects) Subcontract (Primary Investigator)
- Prevention System Program of Work - Elements Identification (Primary Investigator)
- Centre of Research Excellence on Social Determinants of Health Equity (CRESDHE): Policy research on the social determinants of health equity (Externally-led by Flinders University) (Secondary Investigator)
- HE2: A Systems approach to healthy and equitable eating (The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre) (Primary Investigator)
- Shrinking the food-print by creating consumer demand for sustainable and healthy eating. (Primary Investigator)
- Healthy Urban Systems (Primary Investigator)
- Trade policy: maximising benefits for nutrition, food security, human health, and the economy (Primary Investigator)
- Public Policy and governance to improve health equitey - sharing Australian and Thailand expertise (Primary Investigator)
- Health Inequalities Framework and Resources (Primary Investigator)
- Evaluation of the impacts of a new communication technology in Papua New Guinea (Primary Investigator)
- Food systems, urban health equity and climate stabilisation: the need for a common agenda (Primary Investigator)
