Areas of expertise
- Transgenesis 100109
- Bacteriology 060501
- Microbial Genetics 060503
- Signal Transduction 060111
- Cell Metabolism 060104
- Plant Physiology 060705
- Crop And Pasture Biochemistry And Physiology 070303
- Plant Pathology 060704
- Gene Expression (Incl. Microarray And Other Genome Wide Approaches) 060405
- Catalysis And Mechanisms Of Reactions 030601
- Ecological Physiology 060203
- Microbial Ecology 060504
- Plant Cell And Molecular Biology 060702
- Enzymes 060107
- Biochemistry And Cell Biology 0601
- Microbiology 0605
Publications
- Cheah, M, Millar, A, Myers, R et al. 2014, 'Online Oxygen Kinetic Isotope Effects Using Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry Can Differentiate between Oxidases for Mechanistic Studies and Calculation of Their Contributions to Oxygen Consumption in Whole Tissues', Analytical Chemistry, vol. 86, no. 10, pp. 5171-5178.
- Brown, T, Cheng, R, Sirault, X et al 2014, 'TraitCapture: genomic and environment modelling of plant phenomic data', Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol. 18, pp. 73-79.
- Kou, J, Takahashi, S, Oguchi, R et al 2013, 'Estimation of the steady-state cyclic electron flux around PSI in spinach leaf discs in white light, CO2-enriched air and other varied conditions', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1018-1028.
- Walker, B, Ariza, L, Kaines, S et al 2013, 'Temperature response of in vivo Rubisco kinetics and mesophyll conductance in Arabidopsis thaliana: Comparisons to Nicotiana tabacum', Plant Cell and Environment, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 2108-2119.
- Shirao, M, Kuroki, S, Kaneko, K et al 2013, 'Gymnosperms have increased capacity for electron leakage to oxygen (Mehler and PTOX reactions) in photosynthesis compared with angiosperms', Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1152-1163.
- Rae, B, Long, B, Whitehead, L et al. 2013, 'Cyanobacterial Carboxysomes: Microcompartments that Facilitate CO2 Fixation', Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 23, no. 4-5, pp. 300-307.
- Rae, B, Long, B, Badger, M et al. 2013, 'Functions, Compositions, and Evolution of the Two Types of Carboxysomes: Polyhedral Microcompartments That Facilitate CO2 Fixation in Cyanobacteria and Some Proteobacteria', Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 357-379.
- Price, G, Pengelly, J, Forster, B, von Caemmerer, S, Badger, MR, Price, GD and Whitney, SM. 2013, 'The cyanobacterial CCM as a source of genes for improving photosynthetic CO2 fixation in crop species', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 753-768.
- Takahashi, S, Yoshioka-Nishimura, M, Nanba, D et al 2013, 'Thermal acclimation of the symbiotic alga Symbiodinium spp. alleviates photobleaching under heat stress', Plant Physiology, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 477-485.
- Tcherkez, G, Bathellier, C, Stuart-Williams, H, Whitney SM, et al 2013, 'D2O solvent isotope effects suggest uniform energy barriers in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase catalysis', Biochemistry, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 869-877.
- Dwyer, S, Chow, W, Yamori, W et al 2012, 'Antisense reductions in the PsbO protein of photosystem II leads to decreased quantum yield but similar maximal photosynthetic rates', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 63, no. 13, pp. 4781-4795.
- Rae, B, Long, B, Badger, M et al. 2012, 'Structural Determinants of the Outer Shell of b-Carboxysomes in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942: Roles for CcmK2, K3-K4, CcmO, and CcmL', PLOS ONE (Public Library of Science), vol. 7, no. 8, pp. e43871-e43871.
- Keech, O, Zhou, W, Fenske, R et al 2012, 'The Genetic Dissection of a Short-Term Response to Low CO2 Supports the Possibility for Peroxide-Mediated Decarboxylation of Photorespiratory Intermediates in the Peroxisome', Molecular Plant, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1413-1416.
- Woo, N, Gordon, M, Graham, S et al. 2011, 'A mutation in the purine biosynthetic enzyme ATASE2 impacts high light signalling and acclimation responses in green and chlorotic sectors of Arabidopsis leaves', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 401-419.
- Rae, B, Foerster, B, Badger, M et al. 2011, 'The CO2-concentrating mechanism of Synechococcus WH5701 is composed of native and horizontally-acquired components', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 109, no. 1-3, pp. 59-72.
- Cousins, A, Walker, B, Pracharoenwattana, I et al 2011, 'Peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase is not essential for photorespiration in Arabidopsis but its absence causes an increase in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2 release', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 108, no. 2-3, pp. 91-100.
- Price, G, Badger, M & von Caemmerer, S 2011, 'The prospect of using cyanobacterial bicarbonate transporters to improve leaf photosynthesis in C3 crop plants', Plant Physiology, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 20-26.
- Takahashi, S & Badger, M 2011, 'Photoprotection in plants: A new light on photosystem II damage', Trends in Plant Science, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 53-60.
- Long, B, Rae, B, Badger, M et al 2011, 'Over-expression of the beta-carboxysomal CcmM protein in Synechococcus PCC7942 reveals a tight co-regulation of carboxysomal carbonic anhydrase (CcaA) and M58 content', Photosynthesis Research, vol. Published online : 20 May 2011.
- Yamori, W, Takahashi, S, Makino, A et al 2011, 'The Roles of ATP Synthase and the Cytochrome b6/f Complexes in Limiting Chloroplast Electron Transport and Determining Photosynthetic Capacity', Plant Physiology, vol. 155, pp. 956-962.
- Mubarakshina, M, Ivanov, B, Naydov, I et al 2010, 'Production and diffusion of chloroplastic H2O2 and its implication to signalling', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 61, no. 13, pp. 3577-3587.
- Carroll, A, Badger, M & Millar, A 2010, 'The MetabolomeExpress Project: enabling web-based processing, analysis and transparent dissemination of GC/MS metabolomics datasets', BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 11, no. 376, p. 14.
- Albrecht, V, Simkova, K, Carrie, C et al 2010, 'The Cytoskeleton and the Peroxisomal-Targeted SNOWY COTYLEDON3 Protein Are Required for Chloroplast Development in Arabidopsis', The Plant Cell, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 3423-3438.
- Cousins, A, Ghannoum, O, von Caemmerer, S et al 2010, 'Simultaneous determination of Rubisco carboxylase and oxygenase kinetic parameters in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays using membrane inlet mass spectrometry', Plant Cell and Environment, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 444-452.
- Takahashi, S, Milward, S, Yamori, W et al 2010, 'The Solar Action Spectrum of Photosystem II Damage1[W][OA]', Plant Physiology, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 988-993.
- Long, B, Tucker, L, Badger, M et al 2010, 'Functional Cyanobacterial b-Carboxysomes Have an Absolute Requirement for Both Long and Short Forms of the CcmM Protein1[W][OA]', Plant Physiology, vol. 153, pp. 285 -293.
- Takahashi, S, Milward, S, Fan, D et al 2009, 'How does cyclic electron flow alleviate photoinhibition in Arabidopsis?', Plant Physiology, vol. 149, pp. 1560-1567.
- Beckmann, K, Messinger, J, Badger, M et al 2009, 'On-line mass spectrometry: membrane inlet sampling', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 102, pp. 511-522.
- Buxton, L, Badger, M & Ralph, P 2009, 'Effects Of Moderate Heat Stress And Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentration On Photosynthesis And Respiration Of Symbiodinium Sp (Dinophyceae) In Culture And In Symbiosis', Journal of Phycology, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 357-365.
- Tazoe, Y, von Caemmerer, S, Badger, M et al 2009, 'Light and CO2 do not affect the mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion in wheat leaves', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2291-2301.
- Takahashi, S, Whitney, S & Badger, M 2009, 'Different thermal sensitivity of the repair of photodamaged photosynthetic machinery in cultured Symbiodinium species', PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 3237-3242.
- Badger, M, Fallahi, H, Kaines, S et al 2009, 'Chlorophyll fluorescence screening of Arabidopsis thaliana for CO2 sensitive photorespiration and photoinhibition mutants', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 867-873.
- Badger, M & Bek, E 2008, 'Multiple Rubisco forms in proteobacteria: their functional significance in relation to CO2 acquisition by the CBB cycle', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1525-1541.
- de Longevialle, A, Hendrickson, L, Taylor, N et al 2008, 'The pentatricopeptide repeat gene OTP51 with two LAGLIDADG motifs is required to the cis-splicing of plastid ycf3 intron 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana', The Plant Journal, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 157-168.
- Cousins, A, Pracharoenwttana, I, Zhou, W et al 2008, 'Peroxisomal Malate Dehydrogenase is not essential for photorespiration in Arabidopsis but its absence causes an increase in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2 Release', Plant Physiology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 786-795.
- Takahashi, S, Whitney, S, Itoh, S et al 2008, 'Heat stress causes inhibition of the de novo synthesis of antenna proteins and photobleaching in cultured Symbiodinium', PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 11, pp. 4203-4208.
- Fallahi, H, Schofield, G, Badger, M et al 2008, 'Localization of sucrose synthase in developing seed and siliques of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals diverse roles for SUS during development', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 3283-3295.
- Price, G, Badger, M, Woodger, F et al. 2008, 'Advances in understanding the cyanobacterial CO2- concentrating-mechanism (CCM): functional components, Ci transporters, diversity, genetic regulation and prospects for engineering into plants', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1441-1461.
- Cousins, A, Badger, M & von Caemmerer, S 2008, 'C4 photosynthetic isotope exchange in NAD-ME- and NADP-ME-type grasses', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1-9.
- Hendrickson, L, Sharwood, R, Ludwig, M et al 2008, 'The effects of Rubisco activase on C4 photosynthesis and metabolism at high temperature', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1789-1798.
- Armstrong, A, Badger, M, Day, D et al 2008, 'Dynamic changes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain underpinning cold acclimation of leaf respiration', Plant Cell and Environment, vol. 31, pp. 1156-1169.
- Woo, N, Badger, M & Pogson, B 2008, 'A rapid, non-invasive procedure for quantitative assessment of drought survival using chlorophyll fluorescence', Plant Methods, vol. 4:27, p. 14.
- Mueller-Cajar, O & Badger, M 2007, 'New roads lead to Rubisco in Archaebacteria', Bioessays, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 722-4.
- Takahashi, S, Bauwe, H & Badger, M 2007, 'Impairment of the Photorespiratory Pathway Accelerates Photoinhibition of Photosystem II by Suppression of Repair But Not Acceleration of Damage Processes in Arabidopsis', Plant Physiology, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 487-494.
- Griffiths, H, Cousins, A, Badger, M et al 2007, 'Discrimination in the Dark. Resolving the Interplay between Metabolic and Physical Constraints to Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase activity during the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Cycle1', Plant Physiology, vol. 143, pp. 1055-1067.
- Long, B, Badger, M, Whitney, S et al. 2007, 'Analysis of Carboxysomes from Synechococcus PCC7942 Reveals Multiple Rubisco complexes with Carboxysomal Proteins CcmM and CcaA', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 40, pp. 29323-29335.
- McConnell, I, Badger, M, Wydrzynski, T et al 2007, 'A quantitative assessment of the carbonic anhydrase activity in photosystem II', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: International journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 1767, pp. 639-647.
- McNevin, D, Badger, M, Whitney, S et al 2007, 'Differences in Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Three Variants of D-Ribulose-1,5-biophosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Reflect Differences in Their Catalytic Mechanisms', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 49, pp. 36068-36076.
- von Caemmerer, S, Evans, J, Cousins, A et al 2007, 'C4 photosynthesis and CO2 diffusion', in J Sheehy, P Mitchell, B Hardy (ed.), Charting New Pathways to C4 Rice, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, pp. 95-116.
- Cousins, A, Baroli, I, Badger, M et al. 2007, 'The role of Physphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase during C4 Photosynthetic Isotope Exchange and Stomatal Conductance', Plant Physiology, vol. 145, pp. 1006-1017.
- Cousins, A, Badger, M & von Caemmerer, S 2006, 'Carbonic Anhydrase and Its Influence on Carbon Isotope Discrimination during C4 Photosynthesis. Insights from Antisense RNA in Flaveria bidentis', Plant Physiology, vol. 141, pp. 232-242.
- Cousins, A, Badger, M & von Caemmerer, S 2006, 'A Transgenic Approach to Understanding the Influence of Carbonic Anhydrase on C18OO Discrimination during C4 Photosynthesis', Plant Physiology, vol. 142, pp. 662-672.
- Hillier, W, McConnell, I, Badger, M et al. 2006, 'Quantitative assessment of intrinsic carbonic anhydrase activity and the capacity for bicarbonate oxidation in photosystem II', Biochemistry, vol. 45, pp. 2094-2102.
- McNevin, D, Badger, M, Kane, H et al 2006, 'Measurement of (carbon) kinetic isotope effect by Rayleigh fractionation using membrane inlet mass spectrometry for CO2-consuming reactions', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 33, pp. 1115-1128.
- Hillier, W, McConnell, I, Boussac, A et al 2005, 'Substrates of Photosynthetic Water Oxidation', International Congress on Photosynthesis (PS 2005), ed. Art van der Est and Doug Bruce, Alliance Communications Group, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, pp. 293-296.
- Woodger, F, Badger, M & Price, G 2005, 'Regulation of cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating mechanisms through transcriptional induction of high-affinity Ci-transport systems', Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 83, pp. 698-710.
- Long, B, Price, G & Badger, M 2005, 'Proteomic assessment of an established technique for carboxysome enrichment from Synechococcus PCC7942', Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 83, pp. 746-757.
- Badger, M, Price, G, Long, B et al. 2005, 'The environmental plasticity and ecological genomics of the cyanobacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 249-265.
- Woodger, F, Badger, M & Price, G 2005, 'Sensing of Inorganic Carbon Limitation in Synechococcus PCC7942 Is Correlated with the Size of the Internal Inorganic Carbon Pool and Involves Oxygen', Plant Physiology, vol. 139, pp. 1959-1969.
- McGinn, P, Price, G & Badger, M 2004, 'High light enhances the expression of low-CO2-inducible transcripts involved in the CO2-concentrating metabolism in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803', Plant Cell and Environment, vol. 27, pp. 615-626.
- Bethke, P, Badger, M & Jones, R 2004, 'Apoplastic synthesis of nitric oxide by plant tissues', The Plant Cell, vol. 16, pp. 332-341.
- Price, G, Woodger, F, Badger, M et al. 2004, 'Identification of a SulP-type bicarbonate transporter in marine cyanobacteria', PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 52, pp. 18228-18233.
- Badger, M 2003, 'The roles of carbonic anhydrases ion photosynthetic CO2 concentrating mechanisms', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 77, pp. 83-94.
- Benschop, J, Badger, M & Price, G 2003, 'Characterisation of CO2 and HCO3- uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 77, pp. 117-126.
- Woodger, F, Badger, M & Price, G 2003, 'Inorganic carbon limitation induces transcripts encoding components of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 through a redox-independent pathway', Plant Physiology, vol. 133, pp. 2069-2080.
- Hanson, D, Franklin, L, Samuelsson, G et al 2003, 'The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cia3 mutant lacking a thylakoid lumen-localized carbonic anhydrase is limited by CO2 supply to Rubisco and not photosystem 2 function in vivo', Plant Physiology, vol. 132, pp. 2267-2275.
- McGinn, P, Price, G, Maleszka, R et al. 2003, 'Inorganic carbon limitation and light control the expression of transcripts related to the CO2-concentrating mechanism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803', Plant Physiology, vol. 132, pp. 218-229.
- Siebke, K, Geijer, P, Conroy, J et al 2003, 'Photosynthetic oxygen exchange in C4 grasses: The role of oxygen as electron acceptor', Plant Cell and Environment, vol. 26, pp. 1963-1972.
- Badger, M & Price, G 2003, 'CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: Molecular components, their diversity and evolution', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 54, pp. 609-622.
- Franklin, L & Badger, M 2002, 'A comparison of photosynthetic electron transport rates in macroalgae measured by pulse amplitude chlorophyll fluorescence and mass spectrometry.', Journal of Phycology, vol. 37, pp. 756-767.
- Holtzapffel, R, Finnegan, P, Miller, A et al 2002, 'Mitochondrial protein expression in tomato fruit during on-vine ripening and cold storage', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 29, pp. 827-834.
- Price, G & Badger, M 2002, 'Advances in understanding how aquatic photosynthetic organisms utilize sources of dissolved inorganic carbon for CO2 fixation', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 29, pp. 117-121.
- Maeda, S, Badger, M & Price, G 2002, 'Novel gene products associated with NdhD3/D4-containing NDH-1 complexes are involved in photosynthetic C02 hydration in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 425-435.
- Badger, M, Hanson, D & Price, G 2002, 'Evolution and diversity of C02 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria.', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 29, pp. 161-173.
- Hanson, D, Andrews, T & Badger, M 2002, 'Variability of the pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanism in horn worts (Anthocerotophyta)', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 29, pp. 407-416.
- Price, G, Maeda, S, Omata, T et al. 2002, 'Modes of active inorganic carbon uptake in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 29, pp. 131-149.
- McGinn, P, Price, G & Badger, M 2002, 'Analysis of PSI and PSII driven electron transport during steady-state photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942.', International Congress on Photosynthesis (PS 2001), CSLI Publications, Melbourne, pp. s19-012.
- Leggat, W, Marendy, E, Baillie, B et al 2002, 'Dinoflagellate symbioses:strategies and adaptation for the acquisition and fixation of inorganic carbon', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 29, pp. 309-322.
- Sharkey, T, Badger, M, von Caemmerer, S et al 2001, 'Increased heat sensitivity of photosynthesis in tobacco plants with reduced Rubisco activase', Photosynthesis Research, vol. 676, pp. 147-156.
- Pike, C, Grieve, J, Badger, M et al. 2001, 'Thermoprotective properties of small heat shock proteins from rice, tomato and Synechocystis sp.PCC6803 overexpressed in, and isolated from, Escherichia coli', Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 288A, pp. 1219-1229.
- Ohkawa, H, Price, G, Badger, M et al. 2000, 'Mutation of ndh genes leads to inhibition of CO2 uptake rather than HCO3- uptake in Synechocystis sp strain PCC 6803.', Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 182, no. 9, pp. 2591-2596.
- Badger, M, von Caemmerer, S, Ruuska, S et al. 2000, 'Electron flow to oxygen in higher plants and algae: rates and control of direct photoreduction (Mehler reaction) and rubisco oxygenase.', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, vol. 355, no. 1402, pp. 1433-1446.
- Ruuska, S, Andrews, T, Badger, M et al. 2000, 'The role of chloroplast electron transport and metabolites in modulating rubisco activity in tobacco. Insights from transgenic plants with reduced amounts of cytochrome b/f complex or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.', Plant Physiology, vol. 122, pp. 491-504.
- Ruuska, S, Badger, M, Andrews, T et al. 2000, 'Photosynthetic electron sinks in transgenic tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco: little evidence for significant Mehler reaction.', Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 51, pp. 357-368.
- Ruuska, S, von Caemmerer, S, Badger, M et al. 2000, 'Xanthophyll cycle, light energy dissipation and electron transport in transgenic tobacco with reduced carbon assimilation capacity.', Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 27, pp. 289-300.
- Badger, M & Spalding, M 2000, 'CO2 acquisition, concentration and fixation in cyanobacteria and algae.', in Leegood, RC; Sharkey, TT; von Cammerer, S (ed.), Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 369-397.
- Eichelmann, H, Price, G, Badger, M et al. 2000, 'Photosynthetic parameters of leaves of wild type and Cyt b(6)/f deficient transgenic tobacco studied by CO2 uptake and transmittance at 800 nm', Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. 41, pp. 432-439.
- Maeda, S, Price, G, Badger, M et al. 2000, 'Bicarbonate binding activity of the CmpA protein of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp strain PCC 7942 involved in active transport of bicarbonate.', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, pp. 20551-20555.
- Flexas, J, Badger, M, Chow, W et al. 1999, 'Analysis of the relative increase in photosynthetic O2 uptake when photosynthesis in grapevine leaves is inhibited following low night temperatures and/or water stress', Plant Physiology, vol. 121, pp. 675-684.
- Klughammer, B, Sultemeyer, D, Badger, M et al. 1999, 'The involvement of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase subunits, NdhD3 and NdhF3, in high-affinity CO2 uptake in Synechococcus sp PCC7002 gives evidence for multiple NDH-1 complexes with specific roles in cyanobacteria', Molecular Microbiology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1305-1315.
- Omata, T, Price, G, Badger, M et al. 1999, 'Identification of an ATP-binding cassette transporter involved in bicarbonate uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942', PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 23, pp. 13571-13576.